污泥对樟子松生物量及其重金属积累和土壤重金属有效性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同剂量污泥(体积分数,即污泥体积占污泥和沙土总体积的百分比,分别为:0、20%、33.3%、50%和100%)施用于风沙土条件下,污泥剂量对樟子松幼苗生物量及其对重金属的累积和土壤中重金属有效性的影响.结果表明,在养分含量低的风沙土中,施用污泥能够显著提高樟子松幼苗生物量,最适剂量为50%;污泥剂量的增加可促进樟子松植株对重金属的吸收和累积,在最适剂量(50%)条件下,樟子松植株中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn的累积量分别是对照(不施污泥)的18.0、8.9、17.1、11.5倍;樟子松植株重金属吸收速率顺序为:ZnCuPbCd,而迁移系数顺序为:ZnCdCuPb;土壤中有效态重金属含量随污泥剂量的增加而增加,而植株收获后土壤中有效态重金属下降幅度均小于对照.     

Modeling the e ects of constructed wetland on nonpoint source pollution control and reservoir water quality improvement

This article describes the integrated modeling approach for planning the size and the operation of constructed wetlands for maximizing retention of nonpoint source pollutant loads and reservoir water-quality improvement at a catchment scale. The experimental field-scale wetland systems (four sets, 0.88 ha each) have been in operation since 2002, where water depth was maintained at 30–50 cm and hydraulic loading rate was at 6.3–18.8 cm/day. The wetland system was found to be adequate for treating polluted stream water with stable removal e ciency even during the winter. The integrated modeling system (modified-BASINS) was applied to the Seokmoon estuarine reservoir watershed and calibrated with monitoring data from constructed wetland, stream, and reservoir. The calibrated integrated modeling system estimated that constructing wetlands on 0.5% (about 114 ha) of the watershed area at the mouth of reservoir could reduce 11.61% and 13.49% of total external nitrogen and phosphorus loads, respectively. It also might improve the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of the reservoir by 9.69% and 16.48%, respectively. The study suggested that about 0.1%–1.0% of the watershed area should be allocated for constructed wetland to meet specified water-quality standards for the estuarine reservoir at the polder area where land use planning is relatively less complicated.     

Forecasting the e ects of EU policy measures on the nitrate pollution of groundwater and surface waters

We used the interdisciplinary model network REGFLUD to predict the actual mean nitrate concentration in percolation water at the scale of the Weser river basin (Germany) using an area di erentiated (100 m 100 m) approach. REGFLUD combines the agro-economic model RAUMIS for estimating nitrogen surpluses and the hydrological models GROWA/DENUZ for assessing the nitrate leaching from the soil. For areas showing predicted nitrate concentrations in percolation water above the European Union (EU) groundwater quality standard of 50 mg NO3-N/L, e ective agri-environmental reduction measures need to be derived and implemented to improve groundwater and surface water quality by 2015. The e ects of already implemented agricultural policy are quantified by a baseline scenario projecting the N-surpluses from agricultural sector to 2015. The REGFLUD model is used to estimate the e ects of this scenario concerning groundwater and surface water pollution by nitrate. From the results of the model analysis the needs for additional measures can be derived in terms of required additional N-surplus reduction and in terms of regional prioritization of measures. Research work will therefore directly support the implementation of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union in the Weser basin.     

Forecasting the effects of EU policy measures on the nitrate pollution of groundwater and surface waters

We used the interdisciplinary model network REGFLUD to predict the actual mean nitrate concentration in percolation water at the scale of the Weser river basin (Germany) using an area differentiated (100 m × 100 m) approach.REGFLUD combines the agro-economic model RAUMIS for estimating nitrogen surpluses and the hydrological models GROWA/DENUZ for assessing the nitrate leaching from the soil.For areas showing predicted nitrate concentrations in percolation water above the European Union (EU) groundwater quality standard of 50 mg NO 3 -N/L,effective agri-environmental reduction measures need to be derived and implemented to improve groundwater and surface water quality by 2015.The effects of already implemented agricultural policy are quantified by a baseline scenario projecting the N-surpluses from agricultural sector to 2015.The REGFLUD model is used to estimate the effects of this scenario concerning groundwater and surface water pollution by nitrate.From the results of the model analysis the needs for additional measures can be derived in terms of required additional N-surplus reduction and in terms of regional prioritization of measures.Research work will therefore directly support the implementation of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union in the Weser basin.     

Microbial biodegradation of microcystin-RR by bacterium Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05

A strain,USTB-05,isolated from Lake Dianchi,China,degraded the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-RR(MC-RR) at the rate of 16.7 mg/L per day.Analysis of 16S rDNA sequence showed that the strain was Sphingopyxis sp.Enzymatic degradation pathways for MC-RR by Sphingopyxis sp.USTB-05 were identified.Adda-Arg peptide bond of MC-RR was cleaved and then a hydrogen and a hydroxyl were combined onto the NH 2 group of Adda and the carboxyl group of arginine to form a linear molecule as intermediate product within the ...     

薄膜覆盖减少化肥养分流失研究

我国化肥的利用率低,使用量又不断增长,增加了农业面源污染问题的严重性.本研究针对化肥流失主要通过水带走的特性,进行大田试验种植玉米,利用薄膜覆盖所施用的化肥,实现"肥与水隔离",以减少化肥流失.试验一方面观察了不同施肥处理二季甜玉米的生长和产量,另一方面测定了作物对肥料的利用率以及地表径流养分含量.结果表明,在本土壤条件下甜玉米只需施用常规施肥量的70%即可达到高产.甜玉米收获后土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、有效钾的含量比不经薄膜覆盖的显著提高,其顺序为100%施肥量+覆膜70%施肥量+覆膜100%施肥量、70%施肥量不施肥.氮、磷、钾肥料的表观利用率分别为42%~87%、0%~3%和5%~15%,覆膜处理一般高于不覆膜处理,特别是在高施肥量情况下更为明显.通过8次径流水的收集测定,无薄膜覆盖的施肥处理的地表径流N、P和K平均浓度分别为27.72、2.70和7.07 mg.L-1,薄膜覆盖技术处理降低N、P、K浓度的效果分别达到了39.54%、28.05%、43.74%,对于减少农业面源污染和水体富营养化可起到明显效果.     

砷的发生、形态、污染源及地球化学循环

文章首先总结了砷在地表水、地下水、土壤、沉积物、岩石、大气中的含量和分布;归纳了砷的地球化学循环过程;分析了砷在水和土壤/沉积物固相中的形态;并重点阐述了砷在土壤和沉积物中的迁移转化机理。砷通常与Fe、Al、Mn的氧化物和氢氧化物、粘土矿物、硫化物、磷酸盐和碳酸盐矿物结合,砷的生物可用性和迁移性与其在土壤和沉积物中的形态有密切关系。文章最后定量阐述了砷的污染源,包括金属开采与冶炼,化学燃料的燃烧和含砷化学品使用。     

太湖水体富营养化中农业面污染源的影响研究

太湖流域地处长江三角洲核心部位,是我国的工业经济中心,但同时也是水体富营养化最严重的地区之一。文章通过实地调研、采集得到太湖流域污染的相关数据资料,运用结构解析模型(ISM)建模,通过研究太湖蓝藻各诱发因子的主次关系,对太湖蓝藻危机爆发的成因做了深入的分析。并以GIS为平台核算其耕地面积,结合当地土壤数据及作物特征,计算出了太湖流域农业每年磷的排放量,占总磷排放量的70.7%,得出农业面源产生的的氮、磷流失是引起太湖水体富营养化的重要原因。     

浅析输气管线敷设过程中对生态环境的影响与防治对策

为研究输气管线在敷设过程中对生态环境的影响,通过定量的预测八屋至长春的输气管线在施工期对管线所经过区域的土壤环境、农业生产、动植物生态环境产生的影响,对输气管线敷设可能引起生态环境的改变进行了分析。结果表明：输气管线在敷设过程中虽然对区域土壤环境有所影响,从而对当地的农业生产造成一定影响,但这些影响主要集中在施工期,且施工期的影响是暂时的,可恢复的,对管线所经过区域的生态环境影响不明显,生态系统仍具有相对的稳定性。     

潮白新河下游流域非点源污染潜在敏感区识别

运用通用土壤流失方程（USLE）,以2006年研究区域TM遥感影像、数字高程模型（DEM）等为基础,在GIS平台上通过栅格运算生成了潮白新河下游流域非点源污染潜在敏感区分布图,并划分了敏感区类型。